Best Low-Maintenance Siding for Modern Homes: Choosing the right siding is crucial for a modern home’s aesthetic appeal and longevity. This guide explores various low-maintenance options, weighing their pros and cons in terms of cost, durability, environmental impact, and aesthetic contribution to contemporary architecture. We’ll delve into the specifics of popular materials, installation processes, and long-term considerations to help you make an informed decision for your dream home.
From the sleek lines of fiber cement to the natural warmth of engineered wood, the choices are diverse. Understanding the nuances of each material—its durability, maintenance needs, and visual impact—is key to selecting the perfect siding that complements your home’s style and withstands the test of time. This comprehensive guide will equip you with the knowledge to confidently navigate the world of modern home siding.
Introduction to Low-Maintenance Siding
Choosing the right siding for a modern home is a crucial decision impacting both aesthetics and long-term upkeep. Low-maintenance siding offers significant advantages over traditional materials, promising durability, cost-effectiveness, and reduced time spent on repairs and cleaning. This section explores the benefits of low-maintenance siding and the key factors to consider when making your selection.
Low-maintenance siding offers several compelling advantages compared to traditional options like wood or even some vinyl types. Traditional materials often require regular painting, staining, or sealing to protect against the elements and prevent deterioration. This translates to increased costs over the lifespan of the home, as well as the inconvenience of regular maintenance. In contrast, low-maintenance siding materials are designed to withstand the effects of weather, insects, and general wear and tear with minimal effort from the homeowner. This translates to significant cost savings in the long run, and more free time to enjoy your home.
Factors to Consider When Selecting Siding for a Modern Home
Selecting siding for a modern home involves careful consideration of several key factors beyond just low maintenance. The choice should align with the home’s architectural style, the local climate, and the homeowner’s budget. Ignoring these aspects could lead to dissatisfaction or costly repairs down the line.
The climate plays a significant role in siding selection. Homes in areas with harsh winters may require siding materials that can withstand extreme cold, ice, and snow. Conversely, homes in hot, humid climates need siding that resists moisture damage and fading. For example, fiber cement siding is known for its durability in various climates, while some vinyl sidings may be less resilient in extreme temperatures.
The architectural style of the home significantly influences siding choices. Modern homes often feature clean lines and minimalist aesthetics. Siding materials that complement this style, such as sleek metal panels or large-format fiber cement panels, can enhance the overall look. Conversely, more traditional styles may benefit from siding that emulates wood or stone.
Budget is another crucial consideration. While low-maintenance siding generally offers long-term cost savings, the initial investment can vary considerably depending on the material and installation costs. Comparing the upfront costs of different options with their projected lifespans and maintenance requirements is essential for making an informed decision. For example, while engineered wood siding might initially be cheaper, its need for more frequent maintenance could make it more expensive in the long run compared to fiber cement.
Popular Low-Maintenance Siding Materials
Choosing the right siding for your modern home involves considering aesthetics, durability, and maintenance requirements. Several materials offer low-maintenance solutions, each with its own set of advantages and disadvantages. Understanding these characteristics will help you make an informed decision that aligns with your budget and design preferences.
Fiber Cement Siding
Fiber cement siding is a composite material made from cement, cellulose fibers, and sand. Its durability and resistance to damage from insects, fire, and moisture make it a popular choice.
- Advantages: Exceptional durability, fire resistance, pest resistance, low maintenance, and a wide range of styles and colors to mimic wood or other materials.
- Disadvantages: Higher initial cost compared to vinyl or aluminum, can be heavy and challenging to install, and may require professional installation.
- Cost-Effectiveness: While the initial investment is higher, the long lifespan and low maintenance requirements make fiber cement a cost-effective option in the long run. For example, a homeowner might spend more upfront but save significantly on repairs and replacements over 30-40 years compared to vinyl siding needing frequent repairs.
Vinyl Siding
Vinyl siding is a popular choice for its affordability and ease of installation. It comes in a wide variety of colors and styles.
- Advantages: Low cost, easy installation, lightweight, and requires minimal maintenance. A wide range of colors and styles are available.
- Disadvantages: Can be easily damaged by impact, susceptible to fading in direct sunlight, and may not be as durable as other options, potentially requiring replacement sooner than other materials.
- Cost-Effectiveness: Vinyl siding offers the lowest initial cost. However, its shorter lifespan and potential for damage mean that replacement costs may offset some of the initial savings over time. A home requiring vinyl siding replacement every 15-20 years will incur higher long-term costs than a home with fiber cement siding lasting 30-40 years.
Aluminum Siding
Aluminum siding is known for its durability and resistance to weather damage. It’s a lightweight material that is relatively easy to install.
- Advantages: Lightweight, durable, resistant to fire, rot, and insect damage, and relatively low maintenance.
- Disadvantages: Can dent easily, susceptible to scratches, and may not offer the same aesthetic appeal as other materials. The limited color options might not suit all architectural styles.
- Cost-Effectiveness: Aluminum siding falls in the mid-range in terms of initial cost, offering a balance between affordability and durability. Its longevity and minimal maintenance needs contribute to its long-term cost-effectiveness, although not as significantly as fiber cement.
Engineered Wood Siding
Engineered wood siding, such as composite wood, combines wood fibers with resins and other materials to create a durable and weather-resistant product.
- Advantages: Offers the look of natural wood with enhanced durability and weather resistance. It is less prone to warping, cracking, and rotting than natural wood.
- Disadvantages: More expensive than vinyl but less expensive than fiber cement. May require more maintenance than fiber cement or aluminum, although less than natural wood.
- Cost-Effectiveness: Engineered wood siding represents a compromise between the cost and performance of natural wood and other synthetic options. The longevity and aesthetic appeal contribute to its cost-effectiveness, although it might not be as economical as vinyl in the short term.
Aesthetic Considerations for Modern Homes
The choice of siding significantly impacts the overall aesthetic of a modern home, contributing to its unique character and visual appeal. Modern design often prioritizes clean lines, minimalist aesthetics, and a connection with the surrounding environment. The siding material selected plays a crucial role in achieving this desired look and feel.
Different siding materials offer diverse textures, colors, and patterns, allowing for a wide range of stylistic expressions within the modern design framework. Understanding these nuances is essential for homeowners aiming to create a visually cohesive and striking modern home.
Modern Home Designs and Siding Materials
Several popular modern architectural styles readily incorporate various siding materials. For instance, a minimalist home with sharp angles and expansive windows might benefit from the sleek, smooth surface of fiber cement siding, creating a contemporary and sophisticated appearance. Alternatively, a more rustic modern home, incorporating natural elements and earthy tones, might seamlessly integrate with the natural texture of wood siding, offering a warmer, inviting aesthetic. Homes aiming for a clean, industrial feel might opt for metal siding, emphasizing the structural elements and a sense of durability.
Visual Appeal of Siding Options in a Modern Context
The following table compares the visual appeal of different siding materials in a modern architectural setting:
| Siding Material | Texture | Color Options | Visual Appeal in Modern Homes |
|---|---|---|---|
| Fiber Cement | Smooth, sometimes textured | Wide variety, including neutral tones and bold colors | Clean, contemporary, sophisticated; lends itself well to minimalist designs. Often used in homes with a focus on sharp lines and geometric shapes. |
| Wood | Natural, varied grain patterns | Natural wood tones, stains, and paints | Warm, inviting, natural; suits homes with a rustic or organic modern aesthetic. Often complements natural landscaping and large windows. |
| Metal (Aluminum or Steel) | Smooth, possibly corrugated or ribbed | Variety of colors, often metallic finishes | Sleek, industrial, durable; ideal for homes with a contemporary or industrial aesthetic. Can create a bold statement and enhance the home’s structural lines. |
| Vinyl | Smooth, sometimes textured to mimic other materials | Wide range of colors and finishes | Versatile, affordable; can achieve a modern look depending on color and texture choice. However, it might not be considered as high-end as other options. |
Durability and Longevity of Siding Materials
Choosing the right siding for your modern home involves careful consideration of its lifespan and how well it will withstand the elements. Different materials offer varying degrees of durability and longevity, impacting both the home’s aesthetic appeal and its long-term value. Understanding these differences is crucial for making an informed decision.
The durability and longevity of low-maintenance siding are significantly influenced by factors like material composition, installation quality, and the prevailing climate. For example, a fiber cement siding installation in a coastal area with high humidity and salt spray will require more frequent maintenance than the same material installed in a dry, inland climate. Similarly, improper installation can compromise the durability of any siding material, regardless of its inherent strength.
Lifespan and Durability Comparison of Siding Materials
The following table summarizes the typical lifespan and durability of common low-maintenance siding materials under various weather conditions. These are estimates, and actual performance can vary depending on factors mentioned above.
| Siding Material | Lifespan (Years) | Durability (Weather Conditions) | Maintenance Requirements |
|---|---|---|---|
| Fiber Cement | 50-80+ | High resistance to fire, rot, insects, and impact; moderate resistance to moisture in extreme climates. Requires more frequent cleaning in coastal areas. | Periodic cleaning with water and a soft brush; occasional repainting or staining (depending on finish); repair of damaged sections as needed. |
| Vinyl | 20-40 | Good resistance to moisture and insects; susceptible to damage from impact and extreme temperature fluctuations. Can fade in intense sunlight. | Regular cleaning with water and mild detergent; repair of minor scratches or dents may be possible; replacement of severely damaged sections. |
| Engineered Wood | 30-50 | Good resistance to rot and insects; moderate resistance to moisture; susceptible to damage from impact. | Periodic cleaning with water and a soft brush; repainting or staining as needed; repair or replacement of damaged sections. |
| Aluminum | 40-60+ | Excellent resistance to moisture, rot, and insects; high resistance to impact; can dent. Susceptible to scratches and fading. | Regular cleaning with water and mild detergent; repainting or powder coating as needed; repair of dents may be possible. |
Maintenance Requirements for Low-Maintenance Siding
While labeled “low-maintenance,” all siding materials require some level of upkeep to maintain their appearance and extend their lifespan. Regular cleaning is essential for all types of siding, removing dirt, debris, and mildew buildup. The frequency of cleaning depends on the climate and the material; coastal areas typically require more frequent cleaning.
Repair needs vary greatly depending on the material and the type of damage. Minor scratches or dents on vinyl siding may be easily repaired, while more significant damage might necessitate section replacement. Fiber cement siding, while durable, can crack or chip and may require patching or replacement of affected areas. Aluminum siding is relatively durable but can be dented and may require professional repair. Engineered wood siding requires periodic repainting or staining to maintain its protective finish and aesthetic appeal.
Impact of Siding Material Choice on Long-Term Home Value
The durability and longevity of your siding directly impact your home’s long-term value. A home with well-maintained, high-quality siding is more attractive to potential buyers and commands a higher price than a home with damaged or outdated siding. Choosing a durable material with a long lifespan reduces the likelihood of costly repairs or replacements in the future, adding to the overall value proposition of the property. For example, a home with recently installed fiber cement siding is generally considered more valuable than a comparable home with older, deteriorating vinyl siding. This is due to the superior durability and longer lifespan of fiber cement, reducing the future maintenance and replacement costs for the homeowner and increasing the property’s overall appeal.
Environmental Impact of Siding Choices
Choosing siding for your modern home involves more than just aesthetics and durability; it also carries significant environmental implications. The manufacturing process, material sourcing, and eventual disposal of siding all contribute to a material’s overall carbon footprint and environmental impact. Understanding these factors is crucial for making an informed and responsible decision.
The environmental impact of siding materials varies considerably. Factors such as energy consumption during manufacturing, transportation distances, the sourcing of raw materials, and the material’s recyclability or potential for decomposition all play a role. Some materials have a much lower environmental impact than others, making them a more sustainable choice for environmentally conscious homeowners.
Manufacturing Processes and Embodied Carbon
The manufacturing process of different siding materials significantly influences their environmental impact. For instance, vinyl siding, while relatively inexpensive, requires significant energy input during its production, often relying on fossil fuels. This leads to a higher carbon footprint compared to some alternative materials. Conversely, fiber cement siding, although more energy-intensive to manufacture than wood, generally boasts a lower carbon footprint than vinyl over its entire lifecycle due to its longer lifespan and lower maintenance requirements. Wood siding, sourced from sustainably managed forests, can have a relatively low carbon footprint, especially when compared to materials with high energy-intensive manufacturing processes. However, the environmental impact of wood siding can vary greatly depending on the sourcing and treatment of the lumber.
Sustainable and Eco-Friendly Siding Options
Several siding options present more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Recycled materials, such as recycled plastic used in some composite sidings, minimize the demand for virgin resources and reduce landfill waste. Siding made from rapidly renewable resources, like bamboo, offers a low-impact option with a relatively fast growth cycle. Furthermore, choosing sustainably harvested wood siding, certified by organizations like the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC), ensures responsible forestry practices and minimizes the environmental impact of wood sourcing. Fiber cement siding, although manufactured with energy, often contains recycled materials and boasts a longer lifespan, reducing the need for frequent replacements.
Comparison of Carbon Footprints
A direct comparison of the carbon footprint of various siding materials is complex and depends on various factors, including manufacturing processes, transportation distances, and the lifespan of the product. However, general trends can be observed. Vinyl siding generally has a higher carbon footprint than wood or fiber cement siding due to its energy-intensive manufacturing process. Metal sidings, such as aluminum, have a relatively high embodied energy due to the extraction and processing of aluminum ore. However, the long lifespan of these materials can mitigate this impact over time. Sustainable wood siding from responsibly managed forests generally exhibits a lower carbon footprint compared to other options. Composite sidings, depending on their composition and manufacturing process, can occupy a middle ground in terms of carbon footprint. Life-cycle assessments, which analyze the environmental impacts of a product throughout its entire life from cradle to grave, provide a more comprehensive comparison. These assessments, however, often vary depending on the specific manufacturing process and material sources.
Cost Analysis of Different Siding Options
Choosing the right siding for your modern home involves careful consideration of aesthetics, durability, and, importantly, cost. The initial purchase price is only one factor; long-term maintenance and potential repairs significantly impact the overall expense. This section provides a detailed breakdown of the costs associated with various low-maintenance siding options.
The total cost of siding includes material costs, labor costs for installation, and potential future maintenance and repair expenses. Material costs vary greatly depending on the type of siding, its quality, and the size of your home. Labor costs are influenced by factors such as the complexity of the installation, the experience of the contractor, and regional labor rates. Maintenance costs can include cleaning, repainting, or replacing damaged sections, and these can vary significantly over the lifetime of the siding.
Cost Breakdown of Popular Siding Materials
The following table provides a general cost estimate for different siding materials. Remember that these are estimates and actual costs may vary depending on location, project specifics, and chosen contractor. The figures below represent a mid-range quality and typical installation scenario. Always obtain multiple quotes from reputable contractors before making a decision.
| Siding Material | Material Cost (per sq ft) | Installation Cost (per sq ft) | Estimated Total Cost (per sq ft) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Vinyl Siding | $2 – $8 | $3 – $6 | $5 – $14 |
| Fiber Cement Siding | $6 – $15 | $5 – $10 | $11 – $25 |
| Aluminum Siding | $4 – $10 | $4 – $7 | $8 – $17 |
| Engineered Wood Siding | $8 – $20 | $6 – $12 | $14 – $32 |
Comparative Chart: Initial Investment vs. Long-Term Savings
This chart illustrates the trade-off between initial investment and long-term savings for different siding materials. While some options have a higher upfront cost, they may require less maintenance over time, leading to potential cost savings in the long run. The longevity of the material is a crucial factor to consider in this comparison.
| Siding Material | Initial Investment (Estimate per 1000 sq ft) | Estimated Maintenance Cost (over 20 years) | Estimated Total Cost (over 20 years) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Vinyl Siding | $5000 – $14000 | $1000 – $3000 | $6000 – $17000 |
| Fiber Cement Siding | $11000 – $25000 | $2000 – $5000 | $13000 – $30000 |
| Aluminum Siding | $8000 – $17000 | $1500 – $4000 | $9500 – $21000 |
| Engineered Wood Siding | $14000 – $32000 | $3000 – $7000 | $17000 – $39000 |
Note: These figures are estimates and may vary based on several factors including location, labor costs, material quality, and the size and complexity of the project. It’s crucial to obtain detailed quotes from multiple contractors to accurately assess the costs for your specific project.
Installation Process and Considerations
Proper installation is crucial for ensuring the longevity and effectiveness of your chosen low-maintenance siding. The process varies depending on the material, requiring specialized tools and expertise. Incorrect installation can lead to problems such as leaks, damage from weather, and a shorter lifespan for your siding. Careful consideration of the installation process and the selection of a qualified installer are therefore essential steps in the home improvement project.
The installation of vinyl and fiber cement siding, two popular low-maintenance options, offer contrasting approaches. Vinyl siding is generally easier and faster to install, while fiber cement requires more specialized skills and tools due to its weight and more complex installation process. Both, however, demand precision for a professional finish.
Vinyl Siding Installation
Vinyl siding installation typically begins with the preparation of the underlying wall surface. This involves ensuring the wall is properly sheathed and any existing damage is repaired. Next, the installer will install starter strips along the bottom of the wall, providing a base for the siding panels. The panels are then installed horizontally, overlapping each other and fastening them securely to the wall using nails or staples. J-channels are used at corners and around windows and doors to create a neat and weather-tight seal. Finally, trim pieces are added to complete the installation. The process emphasizes careful measurement and cutting to ensure a seamless and aesthetically pleasing finish. Incorrect installation can lead to gaps and water infiltration.
Fiber Cement Siding Installation
Fiber cement siding installation is more labor-intensive than vinyl. Because fiber cement boards are heavier and less flexible than vinyl, they require more precise cutting and handling. The installation process also begins with wall preparation, followed by the installation of furring strips to create a level surface and allow for proper ventilation behind the siding. The fiber cement panels are then attached to the furring strips using nails or screws, ensuring proper spacing for expansion and contraction. Caulk is often used to seal gaps and joints, providing additional protection against moisture. Due to the weight and potential for breakage, experienced installers are necessary to prevent damage during the process. Careful handling is crucial throughout the installation to prevent chipping or cracking.
Choosing a Siding Installer
Selecting a qualified and reputable siding installer is paramount to ensure a successful project. Factors to consider include experience, licensing, insurance, and customer reviews. Choosing an installer with proven experience in installing the specific type of siding you’ve chosen is crucial, as different materials require different techniques and expertise.
Questions to Ask Potential Siding Installers
A comprehensive list of questions will help you assess the qualifications and reliability of potential installers. This process helps ensure you make an informed decision and avoid potential problems.
- How many years of experience do you have installing this type of siding?
- Can you provide references from previous clients?
- Are you licensed and insured?
- What is your process for handling unforeseen problems during installation?
- What type of warranty do you offer on your workmanship?
- Can you provide a detailed, itemized estimate of the total cost?
- What is your timeline for completing the project?
- What is your policy regarding cleanup after the installation is complete?
Illustrative Examples of Modern Homes with Low-Maintenance Siding
To further solidify the advantages of low-maintenance siding for modern homes, let’s examine three distinct examples showcasing diverse materials and their integration into contemporary architectural designs. These examples highlight how the right siding choice can dramatically enhance a home’s aesthetic appeal and longevity.
Modern Farmhouse with Fiber Cement Siding
This modern farmhouse features a striking combination of clean lines and rustic charm, achieved through the use of light grey fiber cement siding. The siding’s smooth, slightly textured surface provides a contemporary feel, contrasting beautifully with the darker grey window frames and exposed wooden beams. The large, evenly spaced panels create a sense of spaciousness, while the subtle texture adds depth and visual interest. The fiber cement’s durability ensures long-lasting protection against the elements, while its versatility allows for easy integration with other materials, creating a cohesive and aesthetically pleasing design. The siding’s neutral color palette complements the surrounding landscape, and its inherent fire resistance adds an extra layer of safety. The horizontal orientation of the siding emphasizes the home’s horizontal lines, further enhancing the farmhouse aesthetic.
Mid-Century Modern Home with Metal Siding
A mid-century modern home exemplifies sleek minimalism and functionality. This example utilizes dark grey metal panels, specifically a standing seam design, to accentuate the home’s clean lines and geometric forms. The panels’ smooth, metallic surface reflects light, creating a dynamic interplay of shadows and highlights that change throughout the day. The sharp, precise lines of the metal siding complement the home’s angular architecture and large windows. The durability and longevity of the metal siding, coupled with its low-maintenance properties, make it an ideal choice for this style of home. The dark grey color adds a touch of sophistication, while the reflective surface helps to maintain a consistent interior temperature. The subtle sheen of the metal also enhances the modern aesthetic, giving the home a sophisticated, high-end feel.
Contemporary Home with Vinyl Siding
This contemporary home utilizes a sleek, white vinyl siding to maximize natural light and create a sense of airy spaciousness. The smooth, untextured surface of the vinyl siding provides a clean, modern look that perfectly complements the home’s minimalist design. The large expanses of glass are seamlessly integrated with the white siding, creating a visually stunning contrast. The versatility of vinyl siding allows for creative design elements, such as vertical siding accents on certain walls to add a touch of visual interest. The low cost and ease of maintenance of vinyl siding make it a practical and attractive option for this contemporary home. While some might associate vinyl with a less premium aesthetic, the use of a clean white color and the careful integration with other design elements create a sophisticated and stylish overall impression. The choice of white further amplifies the feeling of openness and brightness within the home.
Future Trends in Low-Maintenance Siding
The field of low-maintenance siding is constantly evolving, driven by advancements in materials science, a growing focus on sustainability, and the ever-changing demands of modern architectural design. New materials and technologies are emerging that promise even greater durability, aesthetic versatility, and environmental friendliness. These innovations are poised to reshape the landscape of exterior home design in the coming years.
Several key trends are shaping the future of low-maintenance siding. These include the development of more sustainable and recyclable materials, the integration of smart technology for enhanced performance and maintenance, and the exploration of innovative textures and colors to meet the diverse aesthetic preferences of homeowners. The increasing emphasis on energy efficiency is also influencing the development of siding materials with superior insulation properties.
Advances in Material Composition and Manufacturing
The pursuit of improved durability and longevity is driving significant innovation in siding material composition. For instance, research is focusing on enhancing the resistance of fiber cement siding to cracking and fading through the use of advanced binders and protective coatings. Similarly, vinyl siding manufacturers are exploring new polymer formulations that offer greater impact resistance and UV stability, extending the lifespan of the product and reducing the need for frequent replacements. Furthermore, advancements in manufacturing processes, such as improved extrusion techniques for vinyl and more precise fiber reinforcement for cement-based products, are leading to higher quality and more consistent siding materials. This is exemplified by companies investing in automation and precision engineering to reduce manufacturing defects and improve the overall performance of their products.
Integration of Smart Technologies
The incorporation of smart technologies into siding materials is a rapidly developing trend. While still in its early stages, this area shows significant promise. Imagine siding equipped with embedded sensors that monitor environmental conditions, detect damage, or even automatically adjust insulation properties based on external temperature fluctuations. This would enable proactive maintenance, reducing the risk of costly repairs and extending the lifespan of the siding. This technology could also be integrated with smart home systems, allowing homeowners to monitor and control their siding’s performance remotely. Although widespread adoption is still some years away, the conceptual prototypes already being developed suggest a future where siding is not merely a protective layer but an active component of a connected home ecosystem.
Sustainable and Recyclable Siding Options
The growing awareness of environmental concerns is driving a strong demand for more sustainable and recyclable siding materials. Manufacturers are responding by developing siding options made from recycled content or materials with lower environmental impact. For example, some companies are using recycled plastics in the production of vinyl siding, while others are exploring the use of rapidly renewable materials such as bamboo or sustainably harvested wood fibers in composite siding formulations. Furthermore, research is underway to develop siding materials that are fully recyclable at the end of their life cycle, minimizing waste and reducing the environmental footprint of building materials. This aligns with broader industry trends towards circular economy principles and the reduction of construction waste.
Enhanced Aesthetics and Design Flexibility
Modern home design trends emphasize clean lines, bold colors, and unique textures. Low-maintenance siding manufacturers are responding to these demands by expanding their product offerings to include a wider range of colors, finishes, and profiles. We are seeing an increasing variety of textures, mimicking the look of natural materials like wood or stone, while maintaining the low-maintenance benefits of composite or vinyl siding. This allows homeowners to achieve the desired aesthetic appeal without sacrificing practicality or longevity. For instance, the introduction of large-format siding panels allows for a more seamless and modern look, minimizing the visual impact of seams and joints.
End of Discussion
Ultimately, selecting the best low-maintenance siding for your modern home involves careful consideration of aesthetics, durability, budget, and environmental impact. By weighing the advantages and disadvantages of various materials, and understanding the long-term costs and benefits, you can make an informed decision that enhances both the beauty and value of your property. Remember to consult with professionals for accurate cost estimations and expert installation advice to ensure a successful and long-lasting outcome.